Poland

Baltic Romani

also: Polska Roma, Xaladitka Roma

A northern Romani variety historically rooted in Poland and the Baltic region, shaped by long contact with Slavic and Baltic languages.

Standard Polish

also: Język polski

The Warsaw-based standard of Polish. The official language of Poland and the largest Slavic language by speakers within the European Union.

Silesian

also: Ślōnskŏ gŏdka

The Slavic variety of Upper Silesia, often classified as a separate language from Polish. Carries strong contact features from German and Czech.

Kashubian

also: Kaszëbsczi jãzëk, Cassubian

A West Slavic minority language of Pomerania in northern Poland, centred on Kashubia. Closely related to Polish but with its own literary standard, orthography, and strong regional identity.

Carpathian Rusyn

also: Rusyn, Ruthenian, Lemko

The East Slavic varieties of the Carpathian highlands across Zakarpattia, eastern Slovakia, and southeastern Poland. Often classified as a separate language; historically grouped with Ukrainian.

Old Prussian

also: Prussian, Prūsiskan

The only substantially attested West Baltic language, spoken in historical Prussia around the Sambia peninsula — today's Kaliningrad Oblast and north-eastern Poland. Extinct since the early 18th century, after the 1709–1711 plague; attested in three 16th-century catechisms and the Elbing vocabulary, with a modern reconstruction movement.

Yiddish

A High German language with substantial Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic vocabulary, written in the Hebrew alphabet. The historical vernacular of Ashkenazi Jewry; now spoken mainly by Hasidic communities in the United States, Israel, and Western Europe.

Wymysorys

also: Vilamovian, Wymysiöeryś

A West Germanic language spoken only in the town of Wilamowice in southern Poland, descended from medieval German-Flemish settlement. Around 20 elderly native speakers remain, but a youth revitalisation movement has produced a new cohort of fluent younger speakers.